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History of surface weather analysis
The history of surface weather analysis concerns the timetable of developments related to surface weather analysis. Initially a tool of study for the behavior of storms, surface weather analyses became a work in progress to explain current weather and as an aid for short term weather forecasting. Initial efforts to create surface weather analyses began in the mid-19th century by using surface weather observations to analyze isobars, isotherms, and display temperature and cloud cover. By the mid-20th century, much more information was being placed upon the station models plotted on weather maps and surface fronts, per the Norwegian cyclone model, were being analyzed worldwide. Eventually, observation plotting went from a manual exercise to an automated task for computers and plotters. Surface analysis remains a manual and partially subjective exercise, whether it be via hand and paper, or via a workstation.
==Mid-Nineteenth century==
The use of weather charts in a modern sense began in the middle portion of the 19th century. Weather map pioneers include William Charles Redfield, William Reid, Elias Loomis, and Sir Francis Galton, who created the first weather maps in order to devise a theory on storm systems.〔Human Intelligence.(Francis Galton. ) Retrieved on 2007-04-18.〕 The invention of the telegraph in 1837 made it possible to gather weather information from multiple distant locations quickly enough to preserve its value for real-time applications.〔Library of Congress. (The Invention of the Telegraph. ) Retrieved on 2009-01-01.〕 The Smithsonian Institution developed its network of observers over much of the central and eastern United States between the 1840s and 1860s once Joseph Henry took the helm.〔Frank Rives Millikan. Smithsonian Institution. (Joseph Henry: Father of the Weather Service. ) Retrieved on 2006-10-22.〕 Beginning in 1849, the Smithsonian started producing surface analyses on a daily basis using the 150 stations in their network.〔National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (Evolution of the National Weather Service. ) Retrieved on 2006-10-22.〕 The U.S. Army Signal Corps inherited this network between 1870 and 1874 by an act of Congress, and expanded it to the west coast soon afterwards. Three times daily, all stations would telegraph in their observations to the central office which would then plot the information on a map upon which isobars, or lines of equal pressure, would be drawn which would identify centers of high and low pressure, as well as squall lines.〔NOAA. (General Myer: Establishing a Legacy of Weather Service. ) Retrieved on 2007-05-05.〕 At first, all the data on the map was not taken at exactly the same time in the early days of these analyses because of a lack of time standardization. The first attempts at time standardization took hold in the Great Britain by 1855. However, in the United States, standard time did not come to pass until 1883, when time zones started to come into use across America for railroad use. The entire United States did not finally come under the influence of time zones until 1905, when Detroit finally established standard time.〔WebExhibits. (Daylight Saving Time. ) Retrieved on 2007-06-24.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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